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On Liberty
''On Liberty'' is a philosophical work by English philosopher John Stuart Mill, originally intended as a short essay. The work, published in 1859, applies Mill's ethical system of utilitarianism to society and the state. Mill attempts to establish standards for the relationship between authority and liberty. He emphasizes the importance of individuality which he conceived as a prerequisite to the higher pleasures—the summum bonum of Utilitarianism. Furthermore, Mill criticised the errors of past attempts to defend individuality where, for example, democratic ideals resulted in the "tyranny of the majority". Among the standards established in this work are Mill's three basic liberties of individuals, his three legitimate objections to government intervention, and his two maxims regarding the relationship of the individual to society "which together form the entire doctrine of () Essay."
''On Liberty'' was a greatly influential and well received work, although it did not go without criticism. Some attacked it for its apparent discontinuity with ''Utilitarianism'', while others criticised its vagueness. The ideas presented in ''On Liberty'' have remained the basis of much liberal political thought. It has remained in print continuously since its initial publication. To this day, a copy of ''On Liberty'' is passed to the president of the British Liberal Democrats as a symbol of office. A copy of the same book is also presented to and then held by the president of the Liberal Party as a symbol of office.
Mill's marriage to his wife Harriet Taylor Mill greatly influenced the concepts in ''On Liberty'', which was largely finished prior to her death, and published shortly after she died.
==Composition==
According to Mill's Autobiography, ''On Liberty'' was first conceived as a short essay in 1854. As the ideas developed, the essay was expanded, rewritten and "sedulously" corrected by Mill and his wife, Harriet Taylor. Mill, after suffering a mental breakdown and eventually meeting and subsequently marrying Harriet, changed many of his beliefs on moral life and women's rights. Mill states that ''On Liberty'' "was more directly and literally our joint production than anything else which bears my name." The final draft was nearly complete when his wife died suddenly in 1858.〔Mill "Autobiography" 1873〕〔Wilson 2007, section: Life〕 Mill suggests that he made no alterations to the text at this point and that one of his first acts after her death was to publish it and to "consecrate it to her memory."〔 The composition of this piece was also indebted to the work of the German thinker Wilhelm von Humboldt, especially his essay ''On the Limits of State Action''.〔〔Mill 1859, pp. ,143,144,150,164〕 Finally published in 1859, ''On Liberty'' was one of Mill's two most influential books (the other being ''Utilitarianism'').〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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